Although research into returnees is limited, it is generally proposed that late bilinguals who evidence L1 attrition abroad recover native language abilities upon returning to their home country ( Major 1992 Yagmur et al. Very little is known about the native language (here, used synonymously with first language, i.e., L1) of bilinguals who return home after an extended stay in an L2 environment (but see Flores 2015, 2020, who has examined grammatical variables such as verb placement and gender marking). Such studies have found that within the domains of phonetics and phonology, long term pronunciation changes occur in the L1 of some, but not all, late bilinguals living in a second language (L2) environment. To date, first language (L1) attrition research has mainly focused on late bilinguals who live abroad. These phonological findings enhance our understanding of perceptual L1 attrition whilst underlining the need to examine language change in the country of origin in L1 attrition research. Examination of variation within the bilinguals indicated that (4) the younger the speaker was when they left Albania, and the more recently they had returned, the lower their accuracy was in identifying the laterals. In combination with other research showing that Albanian is undergoing a merger of /c/ and /tʃ/, our findings suggest that this merger is more advanced in monolinguals than bilinguals-probably because the bilinguals were abroad when the merger started. Surprisingly, (2) bilinguals outperformed monolinguals in accurately identifying /c/ versus /tʃ/ and (3) no significant group differences were found for the other two phonemic contrasts. Results showed that (1) reaction times for /c/ versus /tʃ/ were longest for both groups, indicating that this contrast was “harder” than the other contrasts. Using a “real speech” binary minimal pair identification task, we compared the accuracy and response times of bilingual returnees against functional Albanian monolinguals who had never lived abroad. These phonemic contrasts do not occur in English. In Standard Albanian, there are phonemic contrasts between /c/ and /tʃ/, /ɫ/ and /l/, and /ɹ/ and /r/. But i haven't tried one yet and things always tend to take much longer than one expects and the devil is always in the details, so consider this just a slightly informed opinion, based on some initial code review and skimming of available information.This research investigated contrastive perception of L1 phonological categories in Albanian–English bilinguals who returned to Albania after living abroad for over on average a decade. So basically i'm cautiously optimistic that the RPi might become at least somewhat useable for at least some not too demanding use cases within the next couple of months or maybe sometimes 2016. Of course you won't get the graphics performance or possibly stimulus precision out of a RPi that you'd get from a standard Intel graphics chip, like in a NUC. The nice thing about the FOSS driver would be not only increased trustworthyness, but also regular desktop OpenGL support, which would make things easier for PTB and probably also PsychoPy etc. Those stuff is scheduled for Linux 4.5, and maybe would get backported by the RPi foundation to their distribution kernel. I also did a quick code review of the improvements to the RPi kms display driver in the Linux kernel, and they look as if they might work well enough for somewhat trustworthy display timing. As Rpi's open source graphics stack uses that driver, i think the user-space support for RPi looks quite decent now. I was a bit involved in bringup of XOrg support for the xf86-video-modesetting driver of the just recently released XServer 1.18. However, Eric Anholt, a top open-source graphics driver developer, was hired by Broadcom a year ago to develop a fully open-source graphics stack for RPi / the VideoCore-4 QPI graphics processor, and that stuff is shaping up nicely lately. Also their proprietary drivers only support OpneGL-ES afaik, and that is quite limiting. In the past, with Broadcoms proprietary drivers, i wouldn't have trusted it for a second to provide trustworthy visual timing etc. I will probably buy one for some christmas entertainment and see how it does wrt.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |